Sandinistas and Contras

(Sandinistas celebrating their victory)

This revolution lasted till 1979 in Nicaragua. Nicaragua had been ruled by a right-wing government to a left-wing government in one year. General Augusto Sandino (left-wing) started attacking people. They killed some US soldiers that were helping the right-wing people. It all started in 1926 and in 1934 General Anastasio Somoza of the right wing met Sandino to make a peace treatment. Then from 1937-1979 Nicaragua was ruled by the Somoza family. That means that the revolution caused by the lefties failed. Then 1978 the Sandinistas planned a major attack and in 1979 they had complete power. They craeted the Fundamental Law of State. This laws declared equality and another human rights. They were united with the Soviet Union and Cuba. They sent them financial and military help. The Contras was a group that fought against the Sandinistas. They fought from 1979-1999. In the late 1990s the Contras agreed to make negotiations with the Sandinistas.

For more info go to:

http://www.jorian.com/san.html

http://www.experiencefestival.com/sandinista_national_liberation_front_-_sandinistas_vs_contras

Berlin History

They started building it in 1961. They made it because the Soviet Union was invading Germany. Also to prevent that other people will enter the territory without permission. Many people that lived in the East were moving faster to the West. They built the wall dividing the east from the west. It wasn't exactly a wall but a wired fence. Some people were passing through the wall and they started to work and built a second fence in front of the one they had. Also they dug a hole in the middle which was called Death Strip". They had guards who had been ordered that if someone tried to pass throught they will shoot him. In 1989, this wall was "destroyed", the government had said that they'll be some "private trips abroad". That caused panic and they destroyed the wall.

For more info go to:

http://www.berlin-life.com/berlin/wall

Domino Theory

This theory was the reason of the Cold War. This theory said that if one country became communist, the countries that were near it will follow soon or later.

For more info go to:

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1965.html

Map of the Cold War

Countries that participated in the Cold War: United States, Soviet Union, China, North and South Korea, Cuba, Italy, Vietnam, Germany, Egipt, Lybia, Iran, England, Chile.

For more info go to:

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos/guefria/guefria.shtml

CIA

It has been working since the government of George Washington. But it was till WWII that made real things happen. It was first named OSS (Office of Strategic Services) in 1942. When WWII finished, this organization was eliminated and the problems they carried were passed to State and War Departments. In 1947 President Truman felt tat he needed an organization that will take care of the security of the people. It was called CIA. He signed the National Security Act.
For more info go to:

https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html

Carlos Castillo Armas

He was born on 1914. He was a ruler from 1954 to 1957. He made an invasion in 1954 to free Guatemala from the Government of Arbenz. He became President because of oral votes from the people. Then in the elections of 1955 he won. He was assasinated in July, 1957.

For more info go to:

http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Castillo_Armas_Carlos_19141957/m0081509.html?from=hotlink

Ronald Reagan

He was born on February 6, 1911. When he graduated school he became a radio announcer and that gained him 53 movies. In 1981 he became president and few days later he was shot, but he was able to survive and then he returned to his duty. He was able to increase employment. He imroved the relations with the Soviet Union. He declared a terrorist attack against Lybia because they attacked some American Soldiers in Berlin.

For more info go to:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/

Richard Nixon

He was born in 1913. He finished the war with Vietnam and made peace treatments with the USSR and China. In 1960 he was running for President but he was defeated by Kennedy. In 1968 he became President of the USA for the first time. He studied law, and during WWII he served in the Navy in the Pacific Ocean. He was involved in a scandal called "Watergate." He wrote lots of books before his death on April 22, 1994.
For more info go to:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/RichardNixon/
http://www.essortment.com/all/watergatescand_reji.htm

Salvador Allende

He was born on July 26, 1908. He was a Socialist President of Chile. He was a doctor. He lived his life by helping the working class in Cile. He wanted to rpove that a socialist government can be lived in peace. He belived in the health, welfare, etc, of the working class is the base of a good society. He died on September 11, 1973.

For more ingo go to:

http://www.enotes.com/cold-war-biographies/allende-salvador

Augusto Pinochet

He was born on November 25, 1915. He was a military dictator from 1973-1990. He met Allende in 1948. Then Allende Became president and was promoting Pinochet in military rangs. Then he decided to fight against Allende's government and he died fighting. With this fight won he gain power of Chile, he became President. When he wanted to be reelected the people were starting to vote against him. He lost this elections and in 1990 he was President again, then he stayed as Senator-for-life. He died in 2006.

For more info go to:

http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/20thcenturylatinamerica/p/pinochetbio.htm

Ho Chi Minh

He was born in Vietnam in 1890. When his education ended he decided to be a teacher and then he became a sailor. In 1920 the French Communist party was created and Ho was one of the founding members. In 1942 he travelled to the Soviet Union. In 1940 Japan started invading Indochina, Paris was being invaded by Germany. Then Ho decided to make and organization called Vietminh. He decided to fight for Vietnam's against the japanese. He died in 1969.

For more info go to: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VNhochiminh.htm

Osama Bin Laden

He was born in 1957, he is from Saudi Arabia. He was a terrorist leader of the Muslim World. His first organization was named MAK (Maktab al-Khidamat) in 1979. Another organization were he participated was Al-Qa'ida in 1988. He was expulsed of Saudi Arabia and then there were two bomb attack trying to kill him. He made some terrorist attack in the USA, but claims that he was not involved.

For more info go to:
http://looklex.com/e.o/osama_b_laden.htm

Fidel Castro

He was born on August 13, 1926. In 1947 he joined an Anticommunist party to fgiht against Cuba´s corruption. Its goals were nationalism, economic independence, and social reforms. He tried to had a place in the Parliament, but the elections were cancelled. On July 26, 1953, Castro and approximately 150 supporters attacked the Moncada military barracks in an attempt to overthrow Batista. The attack failed and Castro was sentenced 15 years in jail. In 1959 Castro was elected as a prime minister. On April 16, 1961 he declared Cuba as a Socialist State.

On Febuary 19, 2008, Fidel abandoned the elections because of physical condition and gave the power to his brother Raul.

For more info go to:

http://www.biography.com/articles/Fidel-Castro-9241487?part=4

Nikita Kruschev

He was born on April 17, 1894. He died on September 11, 1917. He was the Leader of the USSR from 1956-64. He joined the communist party in 1918. He had a close connection with Stalin. Then when Stalin died, Kruschev became the leader of the party. He tried to have a good connection with the USA and he had a tour in 1959 and met the President. He led a Cuban missile crisis in 1962. In 1964 there was a new leader of the USSR. He was part of the Cold War and had a major discussion with Nixon.
For more info go to:
http://www.answers.com/topic/nikita-khrushchev

Jacobo Arbenz

He was born in Guatemala on September 14, 1913. He joined the army and graduated on 1935. He joined an Academy in Guatemala on 1937, he was a teacher there. In 1944 a bunch of teacheres made a strike, asking for more money. Lots of them were killed incluiding the leader. A few days later more than 300 teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc. demanded that the demonstrators' actions were legitimate. Then Ponce became a new dictator and set himself as a candidate to the Presidency. He arrested his opponent and Arbenz and Arana made a military rebelion. They won and sent Ponce out of the country. Arbenz and Arana made a new constitution. In which they made men and women equal, racial discrimination was declared a crime, higher education was free of governmental control, private monopolies were banned, workers were assured a forty-hour week, payment in coupons was forbidden, and labour unions were legalized. He died on January 27, 1971 in Mexico City.
For more info go to:
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKarbenz.htm

The Korean War

It started on June of 1950 and it ended on July 1953. In this war North Korea tried to invade South Korea. The United Nations took action and tried to stop it. The United States was involved in this war because he sent military forces. The UN tried to stop North Korea's army and then China and the Soviet Union got into the fight. In the middle of 1951 they thought they could get to an arrangement, to have truce but the war lasted two more years.
For more info go to:
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/kowar.htm

Kennedy

He was born on May 29, 1917. He was the youngest person to be elected as a President anad the youngest to be killed.

In 1940 he graduated from Harvard and then he joined the navy.

He got married in 1953 with Jacqueline Bouvier.

In 1960 he was a candidate for President. He won the elections and was the first Roman Catholic President.

He was very focused on having equal rights so he made a proposition to change the civil rights.

For more info go to:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/JohnFKennedy/

Kim Il Sung

He was born in April 15, 1912. He was a Korean politician. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea.

When he was 15 years old he was arrested because he was a member of South Manchurian Communist Youth League.

He was released in 1930 and joined the Korean Revolutionary Army.

For the next ten years he dedicated to attack Japan.

During WWII Japan invaded Korea and Kim needed to go to the Soviet Union.

He was planing to make nuclear weapons, including the atomic bomb. The USA was very concerned and asked Kim to stop that attack.

He died on July 8, 1994.

For more info go to:

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDsung.htm

Mao Tse-Tung

He was born on December 26, 1893. Mao Tse-tung founded the People's Republic of China in 1949. He had also been one of the founders of the Chinese Communist party in 1921. He is regarded, along with Karl Marx and V. I. Lenin, as one of the three great theorists of Marxian communism.
In 1920 he got married to a daughter of one of his teachers. She was executed in 1930 by the Chinese Nationalists. In 1939 he married by the third time. In 1921 The Chinese Communist Party was founded and he was one of the leaders. It was founded in Shangai.
In the 1940s he tried to establish a relationship with the USA, but he was refused to that. Hostility to the United States was deepened by the Korean War. During the early 1950s, Mao served as chairman of the Communist party, chief of state, and chairman of the military commission. His international status as a Marxist leader rose after the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1953.
In 1960 he started attacking the party leadership and the new chief of state. He made a Cultural Revolution from 1966-1969.
He died in Peking on September 9, 1976.
For more info go to:
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/mao.bio.html

Stalin

He was born in Gori, which is now in the Republic of Georgia, in December 21, 1879. He attended school from 1888-94. Stalin began his career in the Social-Democratic party in 1899.
Between 1902 and 1913 Stalin was arrested eight times; he was exiled seven times and escaped six times. The government contained him only once; his last exile in 1913 lasted until 1917. He adopted the pseudonym Stalin, meaning "a man of steel" during this time. He mostly participated in the Communist party. When Lenin died, Stalin joined with Grigory Zinovyev and Kamenev, ruled the country but the power was going to be of Trotsky. Stalin went against Trotsky and this problem was eliminated. In 1929 he became the full leader of the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s Stalin launched a major campaign of political terror. Then in World War II the Soviet Union suffered a lot. Stalin was in front of the war against the Nazis. Where he fought more was in Battle of Stalingrad. Stalin participated in the Allies' meetings at Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945), and Potsdam (1945), where he obtained recognition of a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, and after the war he extended Communist domination over most of the countries liberated by the Soviet armies.

His single-minded determination to prevent yet another devastating assault on the USSR from the West had much to do with the growth of the cold war.

In January 1953 he ordered the arrest of many Moscow doctors, mostly Jews, charging them with medical assassinations.Stalin died on March 5, 1953.

For more information go to:

http://www.thirdreich.net/Stalin_-_Bio.html